---

---

---

From the early years of the emergence of Islam and its spreading in the Christian lands, a different positions was taken against Islam, and especially against the Prophet (s) most of which were in the form of struggle. After the seventeenth century when the Qur'an has been translated into European languages and the teaching circles for Arabic languages were estalished, to some extent a more balanced view to the Prophet`s life was provided. The appearance of colonization1`s hegemony in the ninth century and early of the tenth, however, created new researchrs to prepare their colonialist states` purposes. William Muir is one of the most important representatives of colonialism, whose book "The Life of Mahomet", is included among the sources used by those studying Islam. In this article, after expressing Muir's views on revelation, the authors, using rational arguments and verification of narratives, have criticised his view. It has been made clear that Muir has tended to the false narratives and, eliminating some of the traditions and reversing their meaning, he has based his view the basis of his mental presupposition.
Keywords
William Muir, Prophet Muhammad (s), Revelation, Islam.

---

Abstract: One of the currents that has endangered the original Islamic thought is the irreligious current of those of  licentiousness. The speculations of this current, which have sometimes been expressed among some Muslims and led to the abandonment of the Shari'ah by them, are inconsistent with the principles and foundations of the twelve Imams (a). Organized by a descriptive-analytic approach, the present study concluded that the licentiousnesses of those claiming Sufism and mysticism predominantly stemmed from such misleading beliefs as falling religious duty when having been attained certainty, taking the necessities and illegals deeds only as symbols and Divine embodiment in human being. Relying on the Imas manner of life and religious teachings such as constant emphasis on worship, Sharia rules and leaving sins, emphasis on the falsity of licentious hermeneutics, opposing the false speculations of Malamatiyah and rejecting the unification of God with the body of mystics, one may prove the falsity of those claiming Sufism and mysticism.
Keywords: Imams (a), Licentiousness, Shari'ah-Scape, Sufis, Assumption of Falling Duty.
 

---

The purpose of this study is to investigate how Professor Mohammad Taqi Jafari uses the works of world literature writers in explaining religious and moral issues. The method of this research is library-based and descriptive and its scope includes: Sharh Masnavi Manavi, Sharh Nahjul Balagha and Jafari`s art books. Findings show that the most frequently used works in this area by Professor Jafari has been those of Tolstoy and Victor Hugo, and on the other hand the works of people such as: Sadeq Hedayat, Kafka, etc. have not been used, because Professor Jafari believes that these works are in the field of absurdist literature. Also, considering that the description of Masnavi was written before the description of Nahj al-Balaghah, they have been overlapped in the use of literary examples and in some cases they are the same. It is suggested that considering the fact that among the commentators and commentators of religious sciences, no one like Mohammad Taqi Jafari has used literature and art in explaining religion, his works should be used more in the books of Islamic education departments of universities.
Keywords
Allameh Jafari, Art, Tolstoy, Victor Hugo, World Literature, Islamic Education Courses.
 

---

The problem of the present research is to explain the position of women in the thought and practice of contemporary Salafi currents. The method of the study is a causal and library-based one. The problem of this research can be solved with regard to three points: 1. a study of the court Salafi that regulates its jurisprudential views with the strategies of the government, industrial jurisprudence and expediency, that is the precedence of political expediency over religious rules; 2. a study of the jihadist Salafi movement, which, with its uncommon fatawa, while criticizing the official Salafism, has a jurisprudentially centrifugal view on the issue of women and 3.  a study of the reformative Salafism which jurisprudentially viewed, its rules are in accordance to the taste of Shari'a and relies on fiqhi maqasidi, purpose-based jurisprudence. This view remains faithful to Shari'a and refrains from extremist and inhumanistic views in the field. The findings of the study emphasize the categorization of these views according to the validity of the type of jurisprudential view. In such a way that, despite their being common in the principles of epistemology, ontology and anthropology, in fiqhi maqasidi and fiqhi sana`ti, technical jurisprudence, different views towards women have been formed, influenced by socio-cultural status and historical geographical destiny.
Keywords
Woman, Jihadi Salafism, Court Salafism, Reformative Salafism, Thought.

---

The tendency to the origin of existence and the desire for immortality have always been the concern of human beings. Divine religions consider faith as the only way to respond to these two issues. Undoubtedly, the different views of religions on the concept of faith have led to different interpretations. Thus, not only is the expression of the components of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam different, but also the interpretation of different Islamic sects of faith is different. Because of this, the efforts of experts to properly conceptualize this fact have paved the way for the emergence of different perspectives. The aim of the present study is to compare the stages of the evolution of faith from the perspective of Islam and Fowler. The research method and the technique for gathering data were descriptive and library-based. The findings showed that the Abrahamic religions, especially Islam in the verses of the Holy Quran, consider faith as a kind of strong heart relationship and psychologists consider it as an internal tendency to the origin of the universe that mental growth and evolution in human understanding can play a role in its evolution.
Keywords
Faith, the Evolution of Faith, Psychology, Islam and the Abrahamic Religions.
 

---

---

One of the issues related to death is the relationship between the soul and the body after death. The question of the research is whether after death the connection between the soul and the body is cut off and the soul has no connection with the body? In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method, the problem of the relationship between the soul and the body after death has been investigated with a philosophical and theological approach. In this matter, while accepting the disconnection of the soul from the body, the author has put forward some points and considerations based on the philosophical and religious approach. The findings of the research show that the relationship between the soul and the body after death is not the same in different people. In perfect souls, because of the strength of the soul, the connection is stronger than in weaker souls and, on the other hand, regarding coexistence of the two during corporeal life,  in the initial time of disconnection of the soul interest from the body, this connection is stronger because of the connection between the soul and the body. In the early hours and days, the attention of the soul to the body is very intense.
Keywords: Soul-Body Relationship, Soul, Body, Spirit, Death, Philosophy, Religion

---

The main issue of the current research is the accurate representation of the nature of faith through the analysis of the views of Allameh Tabatabai and John Hick, one of the famous contemporary thinkers. In this article, with a theoretical approach and a descriptive-analytical method, the comparative study of Allameh and Hick's views on the representation of the nature of faith is discussed, and after that, criticisms are presented to both views. The findings of the research show that Allameh explains the structure of faith from an intra-religious method and introduces faith consisting of two components of knowledge and commitment. On the other hand, Hick enters the category of faith from an extra-religious method and represents it as an interpretive element that is achieved voluntarily and arising from religious experiences. Allameh introduces knowledge as one of the components of faith, while Hick considers philosophical proofs to prove God to be unsuccessful and puts forward religious experience only to defend the rationality of religious faith. Of course, there are commonalities such as voluntariness and orderliness of faith in the two views.
Keywords: Faith, Philosophy of Religion, John Hick, Allameh Tabatabai, Religious Experience.

---

The issue of the meaning of life and spirituality has been investigated in various fields of humanities; Because the meaning of life and spirituality is one of the most important issues of human life and nowadays it has been seriously considered by thinkers. Religious and modern spirituality, each with their own foundations and characteristics, give meaning to human life. Therefore, the problem of the present research is to examine the role of religious spirituality and modern spirituality in giving meaning to human life. The descriptive-analytical research method and information gathering has been done using library sources. The findings of the research indicate that religious spirituality, with its foundations and characteristics, draws a meaning of life that has a variety of individual and social functions. But modern spirituality, relying on foundations such as secularism, humanism, etc., has been satisfied with a minimal level of the meaning of life.
Keywords: The Meaning of Life, Spirituality and Religion, Rationality, Modern Spirituality, Religious Spirituality.